Focus on laryngeal disease in the cat

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Risk assessment of public health emergencies concerned in the mainland of China, January 2023

Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies occurring in the mainland of China or possibly imported from outside China in January 2023. Methods: Based on various data and departmental notification information on domestic and foreign public health emergencies reports and surveillance of key infectious diseases, the expert consultation method was used and experts from provincial (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) centers for disease prevention and control were invited to participate in the assessment by video conference. Results: The number of public health emergencies reported in January 2023 is expected to increase or be similar to that reported in December 2022. The COVID-19 rebound in the northern hemisphere is likely to continue in January 2023 due to immune escape of BQ, XBB and other possible emerging Omicron variants' subtypes. The increased migration of people in Chinese mainland during the Spring Festival in 2023 could increase the risk of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 among uninfected people. The level of influenza virus activity is likely to increase in January, and influenza A is likely to dominate. January 2023 remains risky month for nonoccupational carbon monoxide poisoning. Conclusion: Special attention is given to COVID-19, and general attention is given to seasonal influenza and nonoccupational carbon monoxide poisoning.

Risk assessment of public health emergencies concerned in the mainland of China, February 2022

Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies, both the indigenous ones and the imported ones, which might occur in the mainland of China in February 2022.

Prevalence of concurrent infections in broiler population of district Chakwal, Pakistan

Broiler population is one of the most important segments of livestock due to its significant contribution in white meat production. Infectious disease outbreaks adversely influence the production potential and consequently cause economic losses. Epidemiological data regarding magnitude of these disease outbreaks is of fundamental importance for planning of a comprehensive control strategy. With retrospective design, this study was conducted from January 2013 through December 2017 in order to assess the disease burden on broilers reared in different open type poultry houses. Out of total 658 commercial farms with capacity of 4221800 broilers, across Chakwal, a representative sample of 70 farms with capacity of 448000 broilers was randomly selected for collection and analysis of disease data. Five years' data of these randomly selected farms revealed highest (44.64%) crude morbidity during monsoon season followed by 23.92%, 22.12% and 17.49% for winter, spring and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The highest (14.90%) prevalence was recorded for new castle disease followed by infectious bursal disease (11.79%), pullorum disease (11.17%), colibacillosis (8.71%), infectious bronchitis (7.87%), inclusion body hepatitis (7.79%), chronic respiratory disease (7.67%), necrotic enteritis (6.48%), coccidiosis (6.09%), mycotoxicosis (5.43%), fowl cholera (4.74%), infectious coryza (4.41%), fowl typhoid (4.22%), omphalitis (3.71%) and hydropericardium syndrome (0.05%). Maximum share in crude morbidity was contributed by bacterial diseases with highest proportional morbidity of 48.68% followed by viral (40.32%), parasitic (5.80%) and fungal (5.20%) diseases. This epidemiological data represents true picture of study population and is a valuable tool for planning of prevention strategy and research priorities.

Risk assessment of public health emergencies concerned in the mainland of China, June 2021

Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies, both the indigenous ones and the imported ones, which might occur in the mainland of China in June 2021. Methods: An internet based expert counsel was conducted to analyze the surveillance data of public health emergencies and priority communicable diseases in China reported through different channels, and the experts in all provincial centers for disease control and prevention attended this video conference. Results: Generally speaking, it is predicted that the incidence of public health emergencies would be similar in June with May. The risk of imported cases and secondary infections of COVID-19 would continue to exist, but would be controllable. It is the high incidence season of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and most cases would be sporadic, however, the risk of cluster exits especially in previous epidemic areas. The incidences of food poisoning caused by toxic animal or plant or poisonous mushroom would increase significantly, and the incidences of food poisoning caused by microbe would be high. The earthquake-stricken areas such as Yunnan and Qinghai should further strengthen post-disaster public health responses. The potential flood-stricken areas predicted by the meteorological department need to pay attention to the risks of water-borne, food-borne and vector-borne diseases that may increase after the disaster. Conclusion: Special attention should be paid to COVID-19, and general attention should be paid to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, food poisoning and natural disaster.

Analysis of mortality surveillance of residents in Minhang district of Shanghai from January to April in 2016-2020

Objective: To characterize the mortality rate of residents in Minhang District of Shanghai from January to April in 2016-2020, and to determine the change in the epidemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of citizens of the Republic of Bulgaria

Introduction: The emergence of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic have challenged all aspects of social and economic life in different countries, their health care systems, as well as the mental health of the population. The introduction of anti-epidemic measures with different duration and severity temporarily deprived of any of democratic freedoms and achievements and marked social communication with new rules. The tension and fear of the unknown, caused by the new disease, limited access to health facilities, impoverishment and job loss, increased mortality, restriction of contacts affected somewhat the mentality of every human being. Various researchers, including in Bulgaria, report significant negative effects on mental health, as this situation shows a clear negative trend. Aim: The article aims to present the second phase of the NCPHA study on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Bulgarian citizens.

Special Issue: Ecological justice and the right to health. (Special Issue: Ecological justice and the right to health.)

This special issue contains 6 articles that discuss justice, rights, and health. Topics include: health rights, ecological justice, and anthropocentrism;rights and COVID-19;slaughterhouse workers, animals, and the environment;One Health, COVID-19, and a right to health for human and non-human animals;human rights and pesticide exposure and poisoning in children;and moral status and moral agency.

Characteristics of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning due to smoke inhalation and pre-hospital factors related to intensive care unit admission of these patients: a nationwide observational study

This study aimed to investigate the pre-hospital clinical status of patients with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning by smoke inhalation and the pre-hospital factors associated with these patients' admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). In this observational study from January 2016 to December 2018, the National Fire Agency's first aid activity log on patients with smoke inhalation was matched with National Emergency Department Information System's patient data with CO poisoning and further analyzed retrospectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relevant pre-hospital associative factors for the decision to admit a patient with CO poisoning to the ICU. Of the 4422 patients with CO poisoning included in the study, 358 (8.09%) were admitted to the ICU. In such patients transported by pre-hospital emergency medical services, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.020;95% confidence interval [CI], 1.010-1.029), verbal (OR, 3.564;95% CI, 2.390-5.315), pain (OR, 4.011;95%CI, 2.661-6.045), unconsciousness (OR, 5.728;95% CI, 2.708-12.113), SBP (OR, 0.979;95% CI, 0.969-0.989), HR (OR, 1.011;95% CI, 1.004-1.018), SpO2 (OR, 0.965;95% CI, 0.946-0.985), O2 supply (OR, 1.725;95% CI, 1.143-2.603), use of nasal prongs (OR, 0.504;95% CI, 0.281-0.905), and intentional inhalation (OR, 2.282;95% CI, 1.659-3.139) were independently associated with ICU admission. Our study demonstrated that age, mental change, SBP, HR, SPO2, O2 supply, use of nasal prongs, and intentional inhalation in patients with CO poisoning were associated with their ICU admission.

Risk assessment of public health emergencies concerned in the mainland of China, January 2022

Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies, both the indigenous ones and the imported ones, which might occur in the mainland of China in January 2022.

Outcomes in pregnant women associating autoimmune thyroiditis and COVID-19

Coronavirus spectrum infections (especially with SARS-CoV-2) particularly influence the thyroid axis, with both thyrotoxicosis as well as suppression of thyroid function, thus determining severe pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. However, the role of the thyroid autoimmunity and SARS-CoV-2 viral load in COVID-19-related thyroid dysfunction is unclear.

Suicide attempt in COVID 19 public health crisis

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shaken the health systems worldwide. Severe depression and anxiety symptoms are expected to be the most prevalent psychopathological presentations connected with global health crisis like the COVID 19 pandemic. Untreated depression and severe anxiety are noticed to be the most prevalent accompanying medical conditions in social, public health crisis which very frequently result in a suicide attempt . This paper aims to present a case report where the "trigger" for a suicide attempt was the current situation during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The suicide attempt was a poisoning with Anti-HIV drugs. Case report. A 28 year old male, student, homosexually oriented, HIV positive, single, with previously diagnosed general anxiety disorder was admitted to the emergency centre because of the self-poisoning for suicidal purposes. After detoxification and initial management at the emergency centre, the patient was admitted to psychiatric clinic where support and cognitive behavioral therapy was administered in combination with antidepressants which eventually led to a satisfactory improvement in his mental state. The suicide attempt followed a difficult period in the patient's personal and emotional life, and socioeconomic problems that are a direct consequence of the Covid 19 pandemic. Several times the patient tried to seek help at the local health centre, but was unable to make an appointment because his family doctor worked in Covid 19 Centre. Conclusion. One of the leading reasons for the increased number of attempted and committed suicides is the unrecognition and lack of treatment of mental disorders symptoms especially in such a public health crisis like Covid 19 pandemic is globally.

Risk assessment of public health emergencies concerned in the mainland of China, November 2021

Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies, both the indigenous ones and the imported ones, which might occur in the mainland of China in November 2021.

Risk assessment of public health emergencies concerned in the mainland of China, October 2021

Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies, both the indigenous ones and the imported ones, which might occur in the mainland of China in October 2021.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) toxicisis in companion animals

Paracetamol is an analgesic and antipyretic with less anti-inflammatory properties than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indicated in the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate pain and the symptomatic treatment of fever. It is found in a variety of over-the-counter analgesic combinations (tablets, suppositories, children's syrups). Poisoning is due to use by pet (dogs, kats) owners without veterinary advice. The risk is high at present due to movement restrictions on people imposed by the Covid pandemic. Cats are the most susceptible. Poisoning is manifested by methaemoglobinaemia, haemolytic anaemia or toxic hepatosis.

The one health landscape in Sub-Saharan African countries.

OBJECTIVES: One Health is transiting from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary concepts and its viewpoints should move from 'proxy for zoonoses', to include other topics (climate change, nutrition and food safety, policy and planning, welfare and well-being, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), vector-borne diseases, toxicosis and pesticides issues) and thematic fields (social sciences, geography and economics). This work was conducted to map the One Health landscape in Africa. METHODS: An assessment of existing One Health initiatives in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries was conducted among selected stakeholders using a multi-method approach. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to One Health initiatives were identified, and their influence, interest and impacts were semi-quantitatively evaluated using literature reviews, questionnaire survey and statistical analysis. RESULTS: One Health Networks and identified initiatives were spatiotemporally spread across SSA and identified stakeholders were classified into four quadrants. It was observed that imbalance in stakeholders' representations led to hesitation in buying-in into One Health approach by stakeholders who are outside the main networks like stakeholders from the policy, budgeting, geography and sometimes, the environment sectors. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of theory of change, monitoring and evaluation frameworks, and tools for standardized evaluation of One Health policies are needed for a sustained future of One Health and future engagements should be outputs- and outcomes-driven and not activity-driven. National roadmaps for One Health implementation and institutionalization are necessary, and proofs of concepts in One Health should be validated and scaled-up. Dependence on external funding is unsustainable and must be addressed in the medium to long-term. Necessary policy and legal instruments to support One Health nationally and sub-nationally should be implemented taking cognizance of contemporary issues like urbanization, endemic poverty and other emerging issues. The utilization of current technologies and One Health approach in addressing the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 and other emerging diseases are desirable. Finally, One Health implementation should be anticipatory and preemptive, and not reactive in containing disease outbreaks, especially those from the animal sources or the environment before the risk of spillover to human.

Use of Integrative Interactomics for Improvement of Farm Animal Health and Welfare: An Example with Fescue Toxicosis.

Rapid scientific advances are increasing our understanding of the way complex biological interactions integrate to maintain homeostatic balance and how seemingly small, localized perturbations can lead to systemic effects. The 'omics movement, alongside increased throughput resulting from statistical and computational advances, has transformed our understanding of disease mechanisms and the multi-dimensional interaction between environmental stressors and host physiology through data integration into multi-dimensional analyses, i.e., integrative interactomics. This review focuses on the use of high-throughput technologies in farm animal research, including health- and toxicology-related papers. Although limited, we highlight recent animal agriculture-centered reports from the integrative multi-'omics movement. We provide an example with fescue toxicosis, an economically costly disease affecting grazing livestock, and describe how integrative interactomics can be applied to a disease with a complex pathophysiology in the pursuit of novel treatment and management approaches. We outline how 'omics techniques have been used thus far to understand fescue toxicosis pathophysiology, lay out a framework for the fescue toxicosis integrome, identify some challenges we foresee, and offer possible means for addressing these challenges. Finally, we briefly discuss how the example with fescue toxicosis could be used for other agriculturally important animal health and welfare problems.